The Application Of Constructivist Theory Education Essay Free Essays

string(274) discernment with essential experience, a feeling of network, the utilization of larning to this present reality ; and intention on the segment of the researcher ( Boling, Hough, Krinsky, Saleem, A ; Stevens, 2012 ; Jackson, Jones, A ; Rodriguez, 2010 ; Pelz, 2010 ) . Following the entry of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 ( NCLB ) and the Persons with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 ( IDEIA ) , educators could no longer just accept about actualizing research-based guidance plans. These Torahs plainly ordered practicians must use hypothesis and exploration to flexibly grounds that learning strategies lead to improved instructive outcomes ( Slocum, Spencer, A ; Detrich, 2012 ) . At first established in the medicinal services callings, proof based example ( EBP ) has been embraced by numerous callings to increase the practician ‘s capacity to be a hero of exploration, usher judgments, and go to the examination to-rehearse spread ( Biesta, 2010 ) . We will compose a custom paper test on The Application Of Constructivist Theory Education Essay or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now A long fight in numerous subjects keeps on being identified with the divergence between the methodological analysiss upheld in research and what is executed in existent example ( Gall, Gall, A ; Borg, 2007 ) . This on-going division among practicians and examination laborers, each piece great as theoreticians and strategy creators, has been perceived, in any case, regardless of the expanding total of exploration being done, little has been cultivated towards happening presentation. Specialists affirm the results of tests are non acceptable comprehended on the segment of the practician ( Spencer, Detrich, A ; Slocum, 2012 ) . Interestingly, practicians seem to accept the exploration may non be relevant or existent universe to their field. In add-on, the outcomes of exploration may non be promptly accessible in design related journals ( Torres, Farley, A ; Cooke, 2012 ) . EBP in guidance and different subjects has been met with the request of whether there is genuinely another way of rehearsing or simply another way of imagining what has ever been viewed as standard procedure. In looking to get the exploration design spread in medicinal services callings, the use of EBP is an immediate outcome for a call for customer wellbeing. This could utilize each piece great to guidance identified with bettering researcher results ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . In social insurance callings, the Institute of Medicine ( IOM, 2011 ) , has portrayed EBP as a dynamic method, fusing the best exploration support with clinical expertness. For the practician, this should influence turn uping better outside grounds than answer requests. Sadly, the tremendous majority of practicians depend mostly on their progressively experient collaborators for way or go on a similar example way since that is the way it has ever been done ( Benner, Sutphen, Leonard, A ; Day, 2010 ; Langer A ; Langer, 2009 ) . Both of these techniques may take to mistakes when non bolstered by research based grounds and in all likelihood outcome in hapless outcomes ( Langer A ; Langer, 2009 ) . In the event that the standpoint is practicians are to do conclusions dependent on grounds, so the grounds must be significant, of high caliber, relevant, and promptly accessible ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . In spite of the fact that the proportion of guidance related examination has expanded since NCLB was sanctioned, there are not many surveies which consolidate exact plan forms, for example, randomized controlled tests. As an outcome, numerous practicians discover little decision grounds to back up their assurance contriving ( Butler A ; Schnellert, 2010 ) . As the EBP movement proceeds, practicians, research laborers, and policymakers are being urged to go involved and team up ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . Exploration laborers need to look for teacher parts so as to go to design related issues. In add-on, providing results of exploration to practicians in a way that is plainly seen, all the more simple available, and elevate usefulness would loan to getting the examination design spread ( Butler A ; Schnellert, 2008 ) . The execution of assets, for example, What Works Clearinghouse ( WWW, 2002 ) , empowers practicians, research laborers, and policymakers to interface. WWW gives carefully structured examination to EBP conclusions and mediation interventions. Through the utilization of these locales, the practician can happen data quickly without holding to look for through large databases. The execution of EBP in the instructive circle is non discretionary. The writing shows there is non an insufficiency of grounds, however rather a lack of execution ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . With the exploration design spread averaging 17 mature ages, practicians and examination laborers must venture to every part of the grounds vigorously ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . At the higher guidance degree, teachers must example the significance of hypothesis, grounds, and examination to their understudies. Numerous understudies do non get hypothesis and only like practicians, think that its difficult to fringe for a large number of similar grounds ( Slocum et al. , 2012 ) . On the off chance that EBP is to be to the full executed and the examination design spread decreased, non only should practicians and exploration laborers cooperate, practicians and the practicians of the great beyond must work to get, use, and picture the advantages of examination. Constructivist Theory Constructivist assaults to larning hold customarily been accentuated in higher guidance and are before long viewed as the most typically acknowledged hypothetical record by teachers ( Hoic-Bozic, Mornar, A ; Boticki, 2009 ; Hussain, 2012 ) . Learning is seen as a functioning system where old cognizance is accepted to be essential ( Holly, Legg, Mueller, A ; Adelman, 2008 ; Makgato, 2012 ) . The understood in decide of constructivism is that the researcher is viewed as a total individual at a cultural, psychological, and affectional degree, which is thought to enhance and strengthen the securing technique ( Hrastinski, 2009 ; Ke, 2010 ) . The developing of on the web and mixed class work keeps on being significant with the main part of enlisted students being of the adult populace ( Allen A ; Seaman, 2011 ) . Inside separation guidance obtaining, much exploration has been affected by constructivist and cultural securing hypotheses ( Hrastinski, 2009 ; Legg, Adelman, Mueller, A ; Levitt, 2009 ; Makgato, 2012 ) . In spite of the volume of examination identified with online procurement, there has non been an adult larning hypothesis, which instructors can or will buy in to, to drive example and steer farther exploration ( Minter, 2011 ; Shea A ; Bidjerano, 2010 ) . The six most perfect highlights which add to effective online obtaining are talked about in the writing ( Cercone, 2008 ) . These properties are: a solid connection between the understudy and the facilitator/teacher, a drawing in and shared understudy to-understudy association, the need of examination on the part of the student so as to connect new perception with primary experience, a feeling of network, the utilization of larning to this present reality ; and rationale on the segment of the researcher ( Boling, Hough, Krinsky, Saleem, A ; Stevens, 2012 ; Jackson, Jones, A ; Rodriguez, 2010 ; Pelz, 2010 ) . You read The Application Of Constructivist Theory Education Essay in classification Paper models Although these highlights are of import, the building of network is viewed as the basic constituent ( Garrison, 2011 ; Palloff A ; Pratt, 2011 ) . The achievement of creating, executing, and keeping network actually as often as possible prompts different properties being useful each p iece great ( Garrison, 2011 ; Ruey, 2010 ) . Exploration identified with student obtaining and the improvement of network demonstrates a positive relationship ( Boling et al. , 2012 ; Hussain, 2012 ) . An overview dependent on evaluating understudies sing their encounters inside an on-line network and class open introduction demonstrated 85 % saw the network understanding as positive, which upgraded their securing ( Vesely, Bloom, A ; Sherlock, 2007 ) . Two extra surveies that were centered around perceptual encounters and mentalities of on-line students indicated a significant association between researcher fulfillment, understudy connection, and network and cognizance securing ( Liu, Magjuka, Bonk, A ; Lee, 2007 ; Sadera, Robertson, Song, A ; Midon, 2009 ) . Despite the fact that the exploration identified with online network advancement is changing over, those in separation guidance fight that so as to accomplish profound obtaining, getting to content on the web and student cooperation is non adequate ( Garrison, 2009 ; Ke A ; Xie, 2009 ) . The articulation must be tied in with creating quality larning results ( Ke A ; Xie, 2009 ) . It is accepted the best assault to help throughing this is through the structure of cooperative amazingly drew in obtaining networks ( Garrison, 2009 ; Shea A ; Bidjerano, 2010 ) . Despite the fact that individuals gather expecting from individual examination and basic idea, the duologue which takes topographic point in gatherings of researchers is the thing that makes insight ( Garrison, Anderson, A ; Archer, 2010 ; Garrison, 2011 ) . Online obtaining in the twentieth century was essentially centered around crossing over the physical breadth for those students who had limited course to guidance ( Garrison 2009 ) . The point of convergence is presently changing to issues identified with learning and larning internet, building, and bettering the whenever anyplace offices of cooperation. Despite the fact that these are of import issues, unfortunately, they stay equipped to the autonomous student rather than to the entire of a network of researchers ( Akyol, Garrison, A ; Ozden, 2009 ) . In the course of the last decennary there have been numerous hypothetical parts to the online securing subject. Each has reflected designed development towards bettering the guidance and securing rules ( Garrison, 2011 ) . The inqui

Law of Diffusion of Gases

Thomas Graham examined the conduct of the dispersion of gases of inconsistent densities when set in contact with one another, utilizing air as his control. He needed to numerically demonstrate how the dissemination of the gas volumes was conversely relative to the estimation of the thickness of the gas, under steady temperature and weight. The importance of this test was that in prompted a reconsideration of the idea of the development of issue, understanding that dispersion managed little unlimited components of issue, rather than huge volumes of air, as saw in the corpuscular hypothesis, revealing insight into the investigation of the conduct and structure of issue. Graham’s introductory target was to set up a numerical worth in regards to the gas thickness and its diffusiveness for ten distinct gases, building up that the more prominent the gas’s thickness the littler the worth and pace of diffusiveness contrasted with air. He anticipated that gases moved by dissemination when set together as moment volumes, were the heavier gas would will in general collect on one side while the lighter gas uprooted towards the denser gas until a uniform blend was accomplished. Considering this, he anticipated that if controlling temperature and weight he would accomplish the gases to diffuse and build up a numerical worth. Anyway no speculation was built up dependent on the constrained data available to them of issue. Anyway perceiving how gases diffused proportionately regardless of the opening size, Graham saw that dissemination managed minute particles rather than enormous volumes. The gas’s dissemination volume was accomplished once the gas inside the plaster holder was completely supplanted by outer air, being this new volume the identical volume of dispersion. When built up the volume, he utilized his law of dispersion to give a numerical esteem and confirm the precision of his equation. This was accomplished by watching the adjustment in tallness of the degree of mercury. The utilization of a plaster plug channel compartments was appropriate to decrease the impact of gas assimilation by the material and stay away from the gas’s development or constriction when barometrical conditions shifted; notwithstanding this the way that temperature and weight were kept steady implied the development of the gases was a direct result of basic dispersion and not by an outside power. Utilizing air as a unit measure, implied varieties in duplicability of results due to the air’s heterogeneous nature making the test uncertain. They utilized air as their measure unit since they didn't have the innovation to test the immediate collaboration of single separate examples of gases, being not able to concentrate appropriately their conduct. This examination was exact when contrasting the outcomes and the hypothetical qualities, and predictable to past exploratory perceptions. The outcomes demonstrated to be consistently beneath the hypothesis esteem clarified by methods for their materials ingestion nature and slight varieties in conditions and instrument’s accuracy. Regardless of this Graham had the option to build up a reasonable numerical relationship utilizing equal dispersion volumes, anyway with slight special cases to specific gases that must be additionally tried. Graham’s forecast of being thickness a factor, which decided the diffusiveness of gas, was certified at the sight that lighter gases than air, for example, hydrogen diffused all the more without any problem. Furthermore the precision of the outcomes assisted with deciding the estimation of the gas’s gravity, which would additionally give proof to the investigation of issue. Furthermore the way that intermixture of gases was accomplished under controlled conditions, in spite of the size of contact surface, gave proof of moment molecule dissemination and drove Graham to estimated further on the constituents of issue, not clarified through the corpuscular hypothesis, would prompt advancement of the colloid hypothesis later on. Taking everything into account this exploration paper demonstrated that Graham checked a numerical incentive for the dispersion of gases with fluctuating densities. Anyway Graham’s perceptions drove him to additionally guess on that dissemination was identified with tremendous components, rather than reasonable volumes. This paper gives significant proof on how the examination and revelation of moment particles advanced as the corpuscular hypothesis neglected to clarify the idea of issue.

What Is a Marriage and Family Therapist

What Is a Marriage and Family Therapist Student Resources Careers Print What Is a Marriage and Family Therapist? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on June 15, 2018 Bruce Ayres / The Image Bank / Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Couples and families face unique problems, which is why they often seek out help from marriage and family therapists. These professionals are trained to deal specifically with interpersonal issues that arise in individuals, couples, families, and groups. Are interested in a career in this field? Get a better idea of what marriage and family professionals do, where they work and how much they earn in this overview of this fascinating profession. What They Do Marriage and family therapists assess, diagnose and treat mental illness and psychological distress within the context of the marriage and family systems. The professionals provide counseling services in several different areas including premarital counseling, relationship counseling, child counseling and separation and divorce counseling. Some of the typical tasks that a marriage and family therapist might perform on a regular basis include: Diagnosing and treating mental disordersConducting psychotherapy with individuals, couples,  and familiesDeveloping treatment plansHelping clients develop new interpersonal communication skillsCollecting information about clients through self-report inventories, interviews, observations, discussions and formal assessments. In addition to providing client services, many professionals in the field spend time marketing their services, particularly if they work in private practice. Completing paperwork and dealing with insurance companies also takes up a significant portion of a therapists time. When working with a client, therapists need to maintain accurate case progress notes, keep a record of evaluations, and note any recommendations for further treatment. So what makes marriage and family therapists different from other kinds of therapists? While they offer psychotherapy and attend to mental health issues, they focus more on how family dynamics impact psychological health. On a daily basis, they might deal with numerous different client issues such as self-esteem, self-harm, depression, anxiety, grief, anger, and relationship problems. Where They Work Family therapists work in a range of employment areas including outpatient care centers, individual and family services, local and state governments and the offices of other healthcare providers. Other common work settings include private practices, inpatient mental health facilities, schools, universities and health clinics. Since marriage and family therapists often have to adapt to their clients schedules, working evening and weekend hours is not uncommon. How Much They Earn As of May 2014, the median annual salary for marriage and family therapists was $48,040. According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, the highest paying industries for this profession include: State government -  $67,380 (median annual wage)Local government - $55,260Offices of other health professionals - $54,240Outpatient care centers - $49,520Individual and family services - $45,600 Training and Educational Requirements The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) suggests that the minimum training to become a marriage and family therapist includes a masters degree plus two years of supervised clinical experience. After completing these educational requirements, therapists must also pass state licensing exams. In addition to the basic training and educational requirements, it is important for professionals to have the characteristics that will allow them to succeed in the job. Interpersonal skills: Compassion and empathy are vital. Marriage and family therapists should be good at listening to their clients.Problem-solving abilities: Marriage and family therapists need to be able to deal with complex problems and come up with effective solutions.Ability to build trust: Therapists need to help their clients feel able to trust and share their innermost thoughts and feelings.Organizational skills: They also need to be able to keep track of case notes and other paperwork and manage billing and insurance claims, which is why organizational abilities are essential.Communication skills: Marriage and family therapists also collaborate with others including family members and healthcare professionals, so strong communication skills are a must. Comfort with different technologies can also be helpful. Marriage and family therapists often utilize a range of technology tools including video conferencing, accounting software, multi-line telephone systems, spreadsheet software, email, and medical software. Job Outlook As of 2012, there were an estimated 37,800 marriage and family therapists employed in the United States. The Occupational Outlook Handbook suggests that the projected job growth for the profession will grow at a rate faster than the average through the year 2020. They project an estimated 29 percent growth between the years 2012 and 2022.

Fdr s New Deal Speech - 825 Words

Hillary Clinton second presidential announcement in a symbolic Roosevelt Island, named after FDR’s New Deal speech can be defined outlined as President Obama’s third term. The speech, a dramatic re-do of her twitter announcement, was to overshadow the already ten Republicans candidates announcement by taking the stage shaped in the letter H with an arrow through her, her campaign logo. Her relaunch, in a place with absolutely no ceilings,† was in reference in becoming the nation’s first female president. Imitating FDR â€Å"four freedoms† address, Hillary declared â€Å"four fights for you† theme of building the economy, strengthen families, defending the country from foreign threats and reforming the government. Presenting herself as a populist, Hillary gave a list of ideas she would push as president such as paid family leave, equal pay, cutting student debt, undo Citizen United Supreme Court decision of super-PAC political spending by a constitutional amendment, and reproductive freedom for woman with little details on how she would do it. The forty minute lengthy speech, the first major speech given since launching her presidential bid, Hillary touted to be a â€Å"champion for all Americans† by providing economic policies as a relief for the middle classes such as paid family leave, universal pre-school, and raising the minimum wages. On social issues, Hillary added that Republicans are out of touch with these issues such as gay marriage, and woman reproductive rights.Show MoreRelatedFranklin D. Roosevelt. During The Great Depression In The1745 Words   |  7 Pageselection.Thus, the election resulted in a win for Democratic Party and the former governor of New York, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. On March 4 1933, Roosevelt was inaugurated president by a nation in need of hope. FDR took action immediately to deal with the depression by closing the banks temporarily to allow an increase of confidence by the American population. Although some historians argued that FDR was moving the nation towards socialism rather than capitalism, Roosevelt, however was able toRead MoreR s Four Freedoms1123 Words   |  5 PagesF.D.R s Four Freedoms Speech Franklin Delano Roosevelt served as president of the United States of America from 1933 until 1945 and is most famously known for his handling of one of the most difficult periods in American history, a time plagued by economic depression and war. FDR, as he came to be known, started a â€Å"New Deal† which focused on relief, recovery, and reform. He gave hope to the American people, ensuring to them that, â€Å"the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.† FDR changed theRead MoreFranklin Roosevelt (FDR) Essay577 Words   |  3 PagesRoosevelt was born on 1882 in Hyde Park, NY. Campobello, the Canadian Island which lies between Maine and Nova Scotia in the Bay of Fundy was the playground of F.D.R.’s early years. In Campobello is where FDR met his future wife Eleanor at the age of 19. (1) Soon, after he graduated from Harvard University, FDR was elected for the New York State Legislature (1). This is the point that marked him as a successful politician with great leadership skills that would go beyond his own thoughts. The crashRead MoreThe Great Depression And The Roaring Twenties1614 Words   |  7 PagesRoaring Twenties, is best known for being relaxed and carefree. The idea of economic stability and individual growth became more powerful following World War I. This decade proved to be one of the most exciting times for America. So what caused the 1930’s to differ so much from the 1920s? The Great Depression ultimately destroyed everything the 1920s had achieved, leaving behind a trail of anguish and uncertainty for years to come. Following the First World War, Industries began to mass-produce theirRead MoreAmerican Foreign Policy After The Great Depression1390 Words   |  6 PagesWilson on April 2, 1917, called for a Declaration of War against Germany saying The world must be made safe for democracy.(Wilson s Speech to Congress April 2) and sold the war to the American people by claiming that it was in the name of the safety of democracy. However, this goal was not achieved and this failure was clearly seen by Americans as after the war, Wilson s League of Nations which was supposed to be created to protect democracy in the future, was not approved by the U.S. Congress.( TheRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882 in the Hudson Valley town of Hyde Park, New600 Words   |  3 Pages Franklin D. Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882 in the Hudson Valley town of Hyde Park, New York. The parents of Franklin D. Roosevelt were James Roosevelt and Sara Delano Roosevelt. Both of his parents ha d a wealthy past. His parents shaped his personality and has a large part of making him who he is. Roosevelt had a much older stepbrother from James Roosevelt’s side of the family. Although he was not very close to his half-brother, he gained financial support from his stepbrother when he neededRead MoreA First Lady Of The White House Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipated in the reform efforts to improve the lives of the impoverished immigrants in Settlement Houses. (1902-1903) While employed as a teacher, as well as a secretary, she focussed on teaching useful skills to safeguard the wellbeing of those new to the community, immigrants. Additionally, she was a volunteer investigator for the Consumer’s League.(1903-1905) â€Å"Her work consisted of visiting the tenement apartments where workers, both lived and worked under dangerous and unhealthy conditionsRead MoreFranklin Roosevelt And The Making Of Modern America1707 Words   |  7 Pages the book, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Making of Modern America, the entire life of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) is told. This book includes all aspects of the former democratic Presidents life, from his parent’s life, his education, his life before presidency, his time in office, and his death. James Roosevelt s father Isaac, became wealthy through trading real estate, dried goods, and West Indian Sugar. James Roosevelt, like his father, grew up respectably wealthy near the banks of the HudsonRead MoreUS Elections and The Great Depression1241 Words   |  5 Pagesdealt with was the Great Depression. Hoover had been unsuccessful in dealing with the great depression. FDR had plans for a new deal, which would dramatically change the economy of America. Hoover and FDR were very different in personality, Hoover was isolated and did not show much emotion, FDR was confident and meant what he said. FDR won the electoral vote 472 to 59 in a landslide victory. This new leader of America marked hope in the eyes of American citizens for the first time in years. DemocratRead MoreThe Great Depression And World War II Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesand war. Although FDR did not know the future consequences of the economic fallout, he did know that breaking the cycle was of systemic importance. FDR’s policy platform, known as the New Deal, disregarded the historical wariness for government intervention and boldly connected economic security to freedom. Essentially, he attempted to push the American system to its limit in order to save it. Even with conservative elements constantly attempting to restrain his initiatives, FDR expanded his focus

The Mill s Utilitarian Principle - 785 Words

4. Give a clear and concise explanation of J.S. Mill’s Utilitarian Principle. How does Mill’s view differ from Bentham’s view? What is this supposed to help us with, morally speaking? Discuss critically. The Utilitarian Principle, or Greatest Happiness Principle (GHP) is defined as: actions are right, or good â€Å"as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (Stumpf, 2015, p. 314). Happiness is defined as a ratio of â€Å"pleasure and absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure† (314). Bentham measured the happiness or pleasure of each individual in aggregate to determine if an action or rule is right or wrong based on weather the outcome results in achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people (350). Mill’s Greatest Happiness Principle is not measured in the same way that Bentham’s Utilitarian calculus measured the GHP. Mill was concerned with the fact that there are different types of pleasures in this life that should be considered when making moral decisions. He felt that Utilitarianism could â€Å"maintain consistency† while taking the â€Å"higher ground† he explains, it is quite compatible with the principle of utility to recognize the fact, that some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others† (315). Fundamentally, Mill thinks it’s important that â€Å"quality is considered as well as quantity† of pleasures when calculating the GHP (315). He had concerns with Bentham’sShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism : The Utilitarian Moral Theory Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism-Module 5 1. In its general form, what is the utilitarian moral theory? In its general form, the utilitarian moral theory advocates that an action is morally right if it serves the greatest good for the greatest amount of people. 2. What is hedonism, and what is hedonistic utilitarianism? And, what was Epicurus s view about pleasure? Hedonsim is the principle that suggests that pleasure is the motivator of one’s life and hedonistic utilitarianism is when ethics is determinedRead MoreSimilarity Between Religion And Utilitarianism813 Words   |  4 Pagesand utilitarian, religion is not utilitarian. The basic idea of utilitarianism is hat actions are judged according to their consequences and the relevant consequence of every action is happiness. There is a similarity between religion and utilitarianism. For example, love includes wanting happiness and religious principles such as loving others the way you love yourself and doing to others what you expect them to you are founded on utilitarian principles. The ultimate goal for a utilitarian is happinessRead MoreAn Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremey Bentham.1026 Words   |  5 PagesUtilitarianism is based on the principle of utility .Utility is the ability to be useful while satisfying needs. Utilitarianism is generally con sidered a moral theory that was found by Jeremey Bentham, a 19th century English philosopher and a social reformer. In 1923, he wrote a book called An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Bentham idea was to understand the concept of happiness and that it is the definitive goal to all human beings. Bentham believes in a principle in which humans shouldRead MoreUtilitarian Perspective On Feminism1563 Words   |  7 PagesA Utilitarian Perspective on Women’s Rights John Stuart Mill’s discussion of the subjection of women leaves many scholars regarding him as one of the first feminist philosophers of his time. His work analyzes and questions the everyday perspectives on women’s rights, and challenges common societal notions. Many philosophers today look to his work for a variety of reasons; some applaud his work for being ahead of it’s time. Others dismiss it, claiming that it’s flawed due to personal attachment.Read MoreUtilitarianism : The Greatest Happiness Principle1176 Words   |  5 PagesUtilitarianism John S. Mill describes utilitarianism, also known as â€Å"The greatest happiness principle†, as a philosophical theory of morality. This theory is focused on the end result (a consequential theory) rather than the motive behind it. It argues that the morality of the action is solely dependent on the action’s results. The action is morally ethical as long as it produces the greatest happiness for the majority of people involved. Mill mentions, â€Å"†¦ the greatest happiness principle holds thatRead MoreDr. Ethos, The Chief Resident Of A Hospital1591 Words   |  7 Pagescranky old man would have to die, or rather be killed, in order to successfully treat all the patients. The question is, what would Dr. Ethos do, if he were Utilitarian (Act vs. Rule)? What would Dr. Ethos do, if he were a Deontologist (Kantian)? Utilitarianism John S. Mill describes Utilitarianism, also known as â€Å"The greatest happiness principle†, as a philosophical theory of morality. This theory focuses on the end result, rather than the motive behind it, which makes it a consequential theory. ItRead MoreEthics Is A Theory Of Proper Moral Conduct1276 Words   |  6 Pageswrong are opinions and those opinions vary from cultures. This argument is not valid for cultural relativism. Just because different cultures have different moral codes, it does not follow that there is no objective truth for morality. Some of Rachels s arguments for moral relativism are: if different cultures have different morals, then there is no universal moral truth. Then he states that different cultures do have different moral codes. Therefore, there are no moral truths. His argument may be trueRead MoreWhat Is Utilitarianism And The Moral Principles That Govern A Person s Or Group s Behavior )944 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophy, but in this essay I will be reviewing a sub-field in ethics (the moral principles that govern a person s or group s behavior) called, Utilitarianism. John Stuart Mill, a British philosopher, defines Utilitarianism as a moral theory in such that, actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (BOOK). This happiness, according to Mill, is pleasure minus pain. In this essay, I will review the three components toRead MoreEthical Theories Of Utilitarianism By Jeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mill State1564 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to normative ethics, a custom originating from the late eighteenth and nineteenth century English economists and philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill state that an activity is morally right on the off chance that it has a tendency to increase pleasure and morally wrong in the event that it tends to deliver the opposite of pleasure, pain – not only the pleasure of the person perf orming the activity but additionally that of everybody influenced by it. A theory of such isRead MoreUtilitarianism : Theory And Contemporary Issues1350 Words   |  6 PagesIn today s society, we face many obstacles in our attempt to achieve the feeling of happiness. As intelligent beings, we try to solve these problems by taking the path that best benefits us. The theory of utilitarianism provides a solution to this but at what cost? What are the benefits and disadvantages of utilitarianism? Is utilitarianism an idea one should live by? What is utilitarianism? I plan on answering these questions within this paper and understand how they relate to everyday life. I

Dr. Romach Case - 1058 Words

The Prominent Dr. Rombach Case #1 Background John Cannon graduated from a prestigious West coast university where he majored in international business and had been a very successful biotechnology market analyst early in his career. He then joined and became a manger for (IML) International Medical Laboratories, a large biomedical equipment company managing the German subsidiary. IML specializes in expensive, high quality heart and lung machines that are used during open heart surgery. John’s job title was that of a manager and he was to be in charge of marketing their line internationally, he targeted Europe. John is visiting Salzburg, Austria for a meeting with Dr. Hans Rombach in hopes to try and sell their machine to the†¦show more content†¦John will hope that Dr. Rombach will have seen what a great machine it is and the money he could save my purchasing their equipment. At least this way he would still have his good morals and ethics, and his company wouldn’t fire him for going against their company’s policy on international bribes. Solution There really is only one solution here. That John should not take the bribe. It goes against your personal beliefs and against company policies. It really isn’t worth your own integrity or worth losing your job to try and land a deal that you know is wrong. If the doctor wants the machine because he knows it’s a good machine and at a great price, he knows where to find John and purchase these machines. Implementation In order for John to make this happen he must be true to himself and to International Medical Laboratories. The best way for John to do this is he needs to call him when he gets back to the office and let him know that he will not be making a contribution to his research but would love for him to take advantage of their machines and how great they are. If the famous Dr. Rombach want to purchase their machine because he knows it’s a great system and will do wonders for his patients and save him money then that’s great, but IML will not do anything unethical to make a deal. Conclusion John headed out to Austria in hope to get the famous doctor to buy his machines. He was tested by a hard choice; does he make a $25,000 contribution,

Strategy paper free essay sample

The two cases, New Town Council and Castle Press, illustrate the process of strategy development within different organisational contexts. Both cases are based on the views of the strategy development process as seen by members of the respective top management teams. The Castle Press case describes how five members of the top management team view the process. Both cases are con ­ structed around two general themes. The process of strategy development and the organisational context in which it takes place. The two cases illustrate differences in the strategy development process, demonstrating that the pro ­ cess of managing strategy development in one organisation may not be the same as, or necessarily appropriate to, managing strategy development in another organisation. I am not a commanding manager. I seek consensus, I am methodological, Im a planning type of manager. MANAGING DIRECTOR Castle Press is a specialist publisher of educational materials and the largest subsidiary of a significant, UK-based publishing and media group. Despite the companys long history in the UK and a strong tradition in its specialist field, it markets its products and related services to an increasingly global audience. Castle Press is the largest company of those in the corporate group, with 200 people working from the UK office creating an annual turnover of ? 30m in 1995 and accounting for more than 40 per cent of total group revenue. CHANGING TIMES For more than a decade, prior to 1995, Castle Press was the market leader in its field, but it had slipped into second place. This change in market status provided a new incentive for organisational change, after a long period of relative internal stability (some now say, complacency). Internal dete1mination to regain market dominance was supported by a new strong message from corporate headquarters to go for growth, with the stated objective of doubling turnover by the year 2000. Because we didnt change in the past, now we are having to make major changes. We were locked into the past and into the way we did things before. If an area had a certain level of This case study was prepared by A. Bailey and J. Verity, Cranfield School of Management. it is intended as a basis for class discussion and not as an illustration of either good or bad management practice.  © A. Bailey and J. Verity, 1996. resources one year, it would get more of the same next year. That was the business approach, more of the same and building on what we already had. PUBLISHING DIRECTOR We have been too conservative, too slow to respond to the market, too conservative in the way we progress careers, too slow to embrace new technology. MANAGING DIRECTOR MARKETS Castle Press found the global market place to be increasingly challenging. Since the late 1980s the com ­ pany had been exposed to recession-bound Europe, the growth prospects of the Pacific Rim and newly opened communist countries, and the highly volatile and regulation-prone South American markets. Overall, demand for its products was growing, but competition was strong and the competitive map was also changing. From an intemational perspective the market is becoming more competitive as the result of smaller companies being bought-up by (mainly) UK and American groups whose aspirations are to become truly global. As far as the local perspective is concerned, were getting ferocious competition, as we have done for many years, but it is now in our core markets from local publishers who are becoming experts in producing this material, and they are becoming more effective because theyre learning the tricks. MARKETING DIRECTOR IN The top management team (TMT) consisted of five executive directors (the managing director, finance director, publishing director, marketing director and production director) and one non-executive dir ­ ector from the corporate group. With the exception of the finance director (who was relatively new to the organisation), all TMT members were promoted from the business, either from within the subsidiary or from the group. Only two years before, however, the team was much bigger: Two years ago, inherited a TMT of twelve people. It was impossible to discuss strategy with that number of people. Six months later, three key people and myself retreated for a few days and thought about what we needed rather than what we had. The outcome was implemented about eighteen months ago. We now have a TMT of six people and the focus of our meetings is higher level discussions and strategic planning. MANAGING DIRECTOR As a group, the TMT thought that they were compatible and rarely in conflict with each other. The col ­ lective criticism of team meetings was the danger that discussions gravitated towards the operational rather than the strategic, since this was the one time that team members found themselves together in one place at one time. The finance director (only two years with Castle Press) noted that he could bring a different contribution to the teams discussion: I think we were very internally focused. It is easier when you come from outside the organisation and from this position I can be constructive. Im the only person on the Team who hasnt been with Castle Press for the past twenty years, so I do have some useful external benchmarks. FINANCE DIRECTOR A TRADITION OF PLANNING Planning had a long history at Castle Press and was an established part of the yearly routines of the TMT. The five-year planning horizon did, however, have its critics, as did the emphasis and reliance on the planning process: We have a five-year business plan. We revise it every year, so its ongoing. It is continuous, changing annually as we progress. PRODUCTION DIRECTOR The strategy process is mainly planning. But because we are dealing with global markets and there are always things happening, like economic changes in various parts of the world, we have to react to these rather than plan for them! We might be able to plan that something could happen; but to predict when and where is not so easy we have to react to these external influences. PUBLISHING DIRECTOR We are commissioning new books now that will reach a peak of sales in the year 2000. So I think there is too much emphasis on the shmt term. We need to force ourselves to think longer term, not just five years down the line. MARKETING DIRECTOR In my view, the information for strategy development tends to be more informal than formal. We are not very good at collating centrally what is key information about the external environment. It tends to be much more in peoples heads rather than having a resource that can be consulted and information taken from there. PUBLISHING DIRECTOR A PARENTAL DRIVE FOR PLANNING The strong emphasis on planning, while driven from within Castle Press, was reinforced by the corpor ­ ate group. At this group level, a recent change in TMT make-up had changed the style of downward communication to Castle senior management. New planning formats were being imposed with clearer monitoring and review systems. In general, the Castle top team looked on these changes favourably, but also felt that strategy was a very downward (rather than upward) process and that there was a lot of time spent making plans. The group require each of their Strategic Business Units [SBUs] to prepare a strategic planning document, once every two years. Derived from that is the operating plan, and from that the budgets. The group have actually imposed a new strategic planning and implementation structure, which we think is going to work very well. For once we agree with what our parent company has said. What is good about the new planning system is that it provides us with a clear evaluation document that we can use in the future to measure whether weve done what we said we would do, whether its been successful or not. MANAGING DIRECTOR However, despite a clear requirement for planning from corporate headquarters, what was planned was largely down to the Castle Press team. Where parental constraint was obvious, it was in the financial demands made by the parent and in agreeing budgets and profit expectations. Apart from the go for growth message, no one limits what we can do, anything can be considered. One of the key things is that our part of the business is very profitable and cash generative. We are also big relative to the other parts of the group. These factors allow us a lot of freedom. FINANCE DIRECTOR The group do constrain us in the level of profit they demand. They have the power to tell us to make 5% or 15% profit this year; this limits what we can do. The divisional structure does mean we operate in a fairly well-defined area of operation. When we have suggested operating outside these areas, we have been told it is not our responsibility. So while there is a lot of discussion about going for growth and being entreprenemial, there are constraints placed on individual business units which perhaps go against that. MARKETING DIRECTOR A Formal planning activities were associated with more informal team needs, such as the need to arrive at a consensus, coupled with a strong sense of community, respect and belonging. Once agreed at this level, the strategy was cascaded down through the organisation and more consensus was sought from employees. Without this, the TMT argued, little of the plan would be implemented. I think there is an element of tradition. We have our plans every year, we continue to do them every year, and I think its also a reflection of the function of doing everything by consensus, and the planning approach we take here is very much about developing a consensus view. PUBLISHING DIRECTOR We are very consensual and we like to debate everything and then reach an agreement. If somebody is in disagreement with something, it is unlikely that it will proceed very far. PRODUCTION DIRECTOR Because we employ people who are intellectual and academic, we take into account that they will have strong opinions on how the business is run and ignoring them will mean trouble. It is the nature of the people we employ that means that we have to have a more consensual and sensitive approach to management. At the beginning of this year we decided within our management board what our key objectives were. We took twenty of our senior managers away for two days and spent time explaining our key strategies. Then we asked them to work out action plans for how they would implement those strategies within the units. This is important because we have had problems with implementation before. We assumed that senior managers understood what we were trying to do after a short briefing! Now we are involving the senior guys more. This is a very traditional and conservative division and people are resistant to change, so we spend a lot of time trying to get people thinking in a different way. MANAGING DIRECTOR AND Because of the drive towards consensus, the issues of power and politics were not seen as very strong, although they were not absent: I dont think there is really any conflict. I think there are differences- we all know where were trying to get, but the difference is about how we should get there. PUBLISHING DIRECTOR At board level I think we are quite well balanced power wise; people respect each other. I dont see that there is any one dominant player. However, influence comes about because of the business were in- publishing and selling your product. So it is these groups who have influence at the end of the day decisions come down in their favour rather than on the processing side like my department. My area is only here on sufferance, because they need the product to be produced. PRODUCTION DIRECTOR CULTURAL INFLUENCES Employees at Castle Press were proudly professional and passionate about publishing quality books the best in their specialist area. These commonly shared values about their trade directed strategy by keeping Castle Press away from certain areas of business and certain markets. There is a strong feeling here and within the group of we have always done things this way. It is an even stronger culture in Castle Press where, in its specialist area of publishing, it is very much in a world of its own. I think people in this area of publishing around the world are just a family apart from the rest. They are very committed to this area rather than to publishing. I think people have this work in their blood and that is one of the things that gives it a very strong culture. Wherever you go worldwide, we get sucked into that culture. PRODUCTION DIRECTOR Long service among the workforce was common in Castle Press. This helped to reinforce the common culture of the organisation. Even when new people were recruited from outside the organisation, the tendency was that these were selected from the publishing arena and publishing houses which were very similar to Castle Press. In the top management team and more generally, we are limited [in terms of experience] to Castle and then to a slightly wider level of publishing. We have deliberately recruited people who dont have any experience in either, but there arent many of them at the moment. PUBLISHING DIRECTOR I think our strategy is principally historical, to some extent dictated by our wish to be the number one and our assumption that we can be that. In order to be number one, we have got to have fairly high objectives and to some extent that assumption dictates the overall strategy that weve got to be a major player wherever we operate. There are accepted industry ways of producing, selling and promoting materials in our business. There are common strategies, and following these is only restrained by size ­ the bigger and closer in size the competitors are to us, the more similar the strategies are. MARKETING DIRECTOR REACTING TO A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT While there had been a strong focus on strategy development through planning processes, the changing nature of the operating environment, changes in economic conditions and the speed of environmental change were dictating a different response from the organisation. Exploring Corporate Strategy by Johnson, Scholes Whittington 5 This incremental approach thats what we re getting more of now and its because the environment is changing. New opportunities are arising. Before, we never really took them. Over the last couple of years we have started to take more risks in the hope that they will work. We try to set things up in a way where we can keep it low key and we can withdraw if it doesnt work, but if it looks as if its a success, we can build on it. PUBLISHING DIRECTOR I think that we should experiment more and when theres

Beowulf And Macbeth Essays - Beowulf, Geats, English-language Films

Beowulf And Macbeth Warrior, gladiator, knight, or soldier, what ever you call it, they are the ones that do the dirty work in a certain society. A warrior is a defined as a man engaged in or experienced in warfare; one devoted to military life. You can say that Beowulf was a good warrior because, he was fearless, proud, well respected, and had a sense of duty to society. Therefore both Beowulf and Macbeth, have characteristics of a good warrior. A good warrior is fearless and would take up any challenge that is offered to him/her, even if the task leads to death or personal injury, they would fight no matter what. When Beowulf fought the dragon he was fearless, and even fought without any weapons, "I'd use no sword, no weapon, if this beast could be killed without it, crushed to deathlike Grendel, gripped in my hands and torn limb from limb. But his breath will be burning hot; poison will pour from his tongue. I feel no shame, with shield and armor, against this monster: when he comes to me" This is a good example of a brave and fearless warrior, which fights with enthusiasm and devotion, even thought he know the outcome could be hot poison. Beowulf had lots of confidence in himself as he states, "Grendel is no braver, no stronger, than I am! I could kill him with my sword; I shall not." This is a good example of how a good warrior has self-confidence, and would never turn down a fight. In Macbeth, even though he is near his last battle, he is still confident during his almost last battle, as he talks with confidence to Young Siward, "No, nor more fearful." He is saying to the Young Siward, he is still fearless, and as a good warrior would do, try to scare his opponent. A good warrior also has self-respect for himself or herself and also has honor for his/her own name. As Beowulf says, "He who can earn it should fight for the glory of his name." This is a good example of how Beowulf lives up to his name, as every good warrior does. A good warrior is well respected by fellow warriors, society, and higher authorities. In Shakespeare's Macbeth, the Sergeant tells Duncan, "For brave Macbeth, --well he deserves that name." Fellow warriors also respect Beowulf and friends even after his death they respect him as they mourn his death by saying, "And so Beowulf's followers rode, mourning their beloved leader, crying that no better king had ever lived, no prince so mild, no man so open to his people, so deserving of praise." This is a good example on how good warriors are well respected and praised by fellow warriors. Good warriors give a sense of duty to the society, and accomplish what is needed to be done to keep their kingdom or society happy. In Macbeth, Macbeth states his loyalty to his throne and his sense of duty to the state, "The service and the loyalty I owe, in during it, pays itself. Your highness, part is to receive our duties; and our duties are to your throne and the state, children and servants; which do but what should, by doing everything safe toward your love and honour." Beowulf is also a good example of a warrior who follows the duties needed to keep society happy, as he states "Anything I can do, here on this earth, to earn your love, oh great king, anything more than I have done, battles I can fight in your honor, summon me, I will come as I came once before." In this example Beowulf is stating that he would give anything to protect the kingdom and anytime they need him he would be there for them. This is the sense of duty that Macbeth and Beowulf give to their kingdom and state, and all good warriors have this characteristic. I conclude that a good warrior is fearless, proud, well respected, and had a sense of duty to society. Beowulf and Macbeth are good examples of a good warrior because of their heroic characteristics and attitude. They are very well respected and known for their actions, and therefore they have and also created some characteristics of a good warrior. Bibliography 1. Raffel, Burton. Beowulf. Penguins Books USA Inc., New York, USA, 1963. 2. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Coles Book USA Inc., New York, USA, 1992

Movie Review Essays

Movie Review Essays Movie Review Essay Movie Review Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Movie Review The PBS documentary â€Å"Chicano! History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement† examines the struggles of Mexican Americans in securing their rights. It mostly focuses on demonstrations and the struggles that Mexican Americans went through in the sixties. It examines different topics such as the land issues in New Mexico, the mistreatment and discrimination that Mexican Americans faced in their quest for the realization of equal treatment, and the challenges facing Mexican Americans as they demonstrated in various parts across the country. When America went to war with Mexico, it ended taking up a substantial share of land belonging to Mexico. Many Mexicans in these regions found themselves foreigners and tenants in the land that had belonged to them for many generations. Some leaders emerged who were courageous enough to face the federal government, and to unite the people towards fighting for their land. The problems that faced Mexican Americans in the rural areas might have been different from those facing the Mexican Americans in the urban areas, but the people united towards fighting for a common purpose that was to be treated as equal citizens, and to realize an end to discrimination. Throughout the documentary, Mexican Americans demonstrate their willingness to regain what belongs to them. They did not abandon their culture, and this is clear in the role that music, dance, and poetry played in the civil rights movement I have learnt several things from the documentary. Many Mexican Americans were poor, and this denied them the opportunities that the white Americans had in terms of education, jobs, and housing. Many Mexican Americans fought in the Vietnam War, where many ended up losing their lives. The efforts of the soldiers fighting in the war were never recognized, for the soldiers came home and they could not find any jobs. Mexican Americans were willing to work together with African Americans during the sixties, with the aim of addressing the needs for the poor. However, the shooting of Martin Luther King Jr. ended this relationship, and the two communities started having disagreements. Mexican American women were not passive during the civil rights movement. They wanted to join the men as they fought for equality, and they took an active role in the movement. Many Mexican Americans had faced different forms of discrimination. To some extent, this made them ashamed of their identity. Mexican Americans wanted to be in a nation where they would have their own political party, schools, and other social systems. This was similar to the segregation rule that was present in the African American community though not to the same extent. African Americans had their own schools. These schools were not well equipped, and this denied the African American the same opportunities in education as the white Americans. The idea of segregating the community from the rest of American society would not have benefited Mexican Americans. It would have denied them the chance to learn from other people as they worked and learned together. Moreover, it would have advanced the discrimination that they already faced. Many people do not realize the struggles that the Mexican American community faced over the years. They do not realize what the people had to endure so that they could secure their rights and the rights of their children. The leaders and organizers who led the people are rarely mentioned in history. They are not celebrated as much as other civil rights leaders. The Chicano movement was significant in ensuring equality in America. The people never gave up their quest although they were not successful in realizing all their goals. Their tenacity and willingness to end discrimination and prejudice has contributing to making America what it is today; a land that recognizes the rights of the minority and is willing to give all people the same opportunities. Work Cited: Chicano! History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. NLCC Educational Media, 1996. Documentary

Financial Accounting and Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Accounting and Report - Essay Example All these ratios have their own specific formulae and they are interpreted by experts by looking at the figures obtained from calculations. The management and the CFOs of large business entities and the users of these statements as well rely heavily on the ratios of a company (Tracy, 2012, p. 14). Net Profit Margins: The gross profit margin ratio shows how much net amount an entity earns on the percentage amount of sales made. This ratio is calculated in percentages and for the given scenario and data, the ratio calculated indicates the fact that the entity has earned sufficient net profits during the previous year. The ratio is sufficient evidence that the company has performed well for earning net profits quite enough for its forth coming years’ operations. Looking at the ratio, the new investors can be expected for making investment in the company as the figures of the ratio will boost their confidence that the company will continue to be performing well. The positive expectations regarding the increase in investors will also benefit the company as the management will look forward to expand the business with further investments for new investors. Current Ratio: Current ratio means the respective currency of current assets the company holds for a single respective unit currency of current liability (Leach, 2010). Or, simply, the number of Euros of current assets available to the company to meet a single euro of current liability. The current ratio for the company is quite favorable as it has 3.7 Euros in current assets to meet a single unit in its current liabilities. Gross profit ratio: The gross profit figure of the company is exactly half of the net sales as shown by the ratio. It is a good sign for the company regards the fact that their cost of sales is very nominal allowing the company to earn a sufficient amount of profit even if other operating expenses are a little higher. Since higher gross profits mostly result in higher net profits, therefore

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Research Paper Example In one of their photos, Brady and Gardner covered a scene where many soldiers lay dead following a struggle in the civil war front and it created an impression of the fierceness of the battle that took place between the people and the soldiers. From the photo of Brady and Gardner, it was clear that there killing that happened in the time of the battle were so many and it reflected that many soldiers from the southern and the Union army lost their lives. The photo, however, covered a small section of the war front as an indication of the issues of the civil war in the course of the antagonism between the government side that opposed slavery and the southern states armies that wanted to advance it. Following the American civil war, there were various events that followed in order to address the issues of that resulted as well as to establish frameworks to prevent any occurrence of a similar situation in future. A report on the events of the war was prepared that outlined the main issue s that caused the emergence of the civil war in an otherwise a peaceful country so that the future would be able to be better. In the report, the political stand about slavery of the then elected presidents of United States (US), Abraham Lincoln is said to have triggered the mayhem. In his presidential campaigns, Lincoln had promised that he would contain the spread of slavery and finally abolish it, a move that was not allowed by many people from the south who depended on slaves for their work (Clark and Neely 138-139). When the southern states that supported slavery realized the election of Lincoln as the US president would have a negative impact on slavery, they formed a group by bringing together armies from their different states to frustrate the attempt of the president. Immediately they attacked Fort Sumter, an army garrison at Charleston in South Carolina the Union army, that opposed slavery prepared to attack. This triggered the need to respond to the attack from the govern ment side led by the president Abraham Lincoln so that they can contain the forces that opposed the government’s attempt. This meant that war had to begin so that to abolish slavery, which became the main goal of the civil war after the contention of different soldiers from different states. In the war, southern states wanted to overpower the government so that to advance the slavery but the northern side focused on routing them and attain the abolishment of slavery in America. When the report of the war was written, it focused on the importance of the war in the US and it proposed various things thing that could be done in future so that the conditions could be better for other people. One of the suggestions of the report was the protection of the battlefields as important historical places in the lives of Americans who did not exist during the war and those who lived far from them. The report also gave highlights on the things that the government ought to do to ensure susta inability of the program of protecting the battle field so that they maintain the places for a longer time than they and to remain relevant to the future generation (Civil War Sites Advisory Commission 3-27). According to the photos of Antietam battlefield, many soldier died at the battle field and this could be an indication of the fierceness of war

De Motivation And High Staff Turnover Commerce Essay

De Motivation And High Staff Turnover Commerce Essay In this assignment as per question I am going to describe the motivation ,three different motivational theories and I choose Ryanair which is struggling by the demotivation of his staff and the high staff turnover . Motivation is human psychological characteristic which shows the level of commitment towards a particular goal. Motivation shows that how employee think about his job, if he is motivated than productivity level will be high. Motivation linked with morale as well ,if the morale is high it shows employees job satisfaction and they are dedicated and loyal for their works. But if morale is low it results low productivity, absenteeism, and the high staff turnover. In another words performance mainly depend on motivation. job performance= motivation +ability Contemporary views on motivation in this section we will be discuss about the three motivation theories which can be a good example for the managers who are struggling with the low motivation of staff and the high staff turnover and these theorise can help to learn how to motivate the staff .we are now going to talk about three types of theorises:- 1. Need theory 2 Expectancy theory 3 Reinforcement theory Need theory Need theory of motivation was developed by Maslow which basically focuses on the basic needs of a person. It tells us that a person first motivated for food, wages, and shelter. This theory also explains that a person is motivated when he didnt get a certain level of satisfaction in his life. For example: a child cannot be motivated for his class if he didnt take breakfast. According to this theory when a person fulfils his basic needs he move to next one. For example:- a person who dont have basic things for survival like food, shelter so his first priority will be food .After fulfilling the basic needs he will looks for job security, protection , love belongings ,then he motivate himself to his self-esteem where he look for his status in society and in organisation where he is working and living .This theory shows us that a person cant be a motivator himself his needs didnt force him to motivate . . C:UserssanjuDesktopMaslows_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg.png Expectancy Theory This theory was given by victor vroom.according to this theory everybody has his own gaol and his own set of objective .and they can motivate themselves only when they think that there is some connection between performance and efforts.if this performance results favourable for them and its satisfy the special needs so they can make efforts worthwhile.this theory contains more practical solutions rather than other theories . We can understand this by a   scenario that in a five star hotel tow marketing agents are on promotion stage for a marketing managers job.mike who has a good marketing results in whole year and he always gets a good appraisal and good performance result .but he is little bit confuse to accepting this job because this job requires a lot travel,long hours working shifts ,more stress,and target pressure .but in another side paul wants this job as well.paul is also had a good results in last year he improve himself.and he think that he is a suaitable candidate for this job .now according to Expectancy theory paul is a suitable candidate for this job because he is motivated for the promotion and in another side mike is not motivated to get promotion. This theory is contains reversiable process it means when you put any action different outcomes came these outcomes maybe positive or negative or .for example in any organisation when people do overtime and hardwork .for this outcome came with salary raise,promotions,or new skills but in negative approach they didnt get time to their social life Managers can implement this theory in a several way. Managers must make sure that workers should increase their performance level to achive their goals. The dedicated workers must be reward as per their performance Reinforcement Theory This theory was given by BF Skinner and his associates . this theory is based on law and effect .this theory says that rewarded behaviour should be repeated again and again .but individuals behaviour which has a negative approach should not be repeated . this theory is the strong method to control or manage the individuals behaviour . Positive reinforce used to gave a positive response for an individual who shows a appropriate behaviour for example:- when you ask your any employee to cover some other employees shift who is not coming because of sickness.and your employee has their own plan but you ask him and he ready to work do immediately praising .or any of your employee is very nice to customer just reward him on the spot that you done a great job. Negative reinforce or punishment is for unsuitable behaviour which is not suppose to be at the work place for example:-any of your employee was rude to the customers .he must be punished or should be issued a warning When implement reinforcement theory managers make sure that do not reward all empoloyees in a same manner .they should tell everybody that you did well this section but not here . In this section I will be describe Ryanair motivation problem in all cabin crew and ground staff members .rayanair is a cheapest airline in Europe .according to deputy general of irish trade union ,Ryanair has a very high staff turnover in all department like pilots cabin crews, and the ground staff.its just because that all the employees have to pay some money for company for their own uniforms,meals,and training session. Instead of this company have to pay for them for everything and provide traning. Because of this many of employees left the job and now they have to recruit the new peoples, so they recruit peoples from the agencies ,and they were not good .after that they ask pilots that pay for their retraining . A cabin crew member of Ryanair writes comment on a website where he wrote: Ryanair does not care about its cabin crew and just takes the most they possibly can squeeze out of us. After a twelve hour day without a break, I dont have the energy to be nice to passengers or check that my nail polish is still on. Come on Ryanair start valuing what we do because without us you could not fly. The Ryanair cabin crew member are not nice with passenger , we can see why thses are not loyal with them in the statement of a crew member on website . because the employees work hard but they are not treat as per their performance . they do the long shifts without any break because of this they become very stressed and it make them rude with their passengers .because of this there is a high staff turn over and Ryanair losing more passenger and its totally depend on staff motivation According to Taylors scientific management theory people motivate by money in other words wages or salary .but in Ryanair compare to their employees hard work ,long shifts and the working enviorment , wages and salary are not good which they deserve for .its true that Ryanair is a low cost airline but many other low cost carriers are not facing this type of staff turnover and their employees are getting good pay. Ryanair boss have to be understand that without any dedicated and smart employees they will be no more in this industry and without any break working in long shifts is inhuman and paying for their uniforms ,food and even for training when you earning a less is not acceptable . For this problem ryanairs human resource department should follow the Maslows hierarchy of needs theory as I mention before that if rayanair will fulfil the basic needs of the employees like good wages ,friendly working environment ,and good training and development .the employees will be motivated to work and it will good for companys reputation as well as employees morale and after that they can serve in good manner for passengers. Selection and recruitment process In this section I will describe that what the process should be follow at the time of recruiting people.Recruitment and selection process should be done in a proper way because recruiting a wrong person can be harmfull for orgnistion to increase cost,labour turnover,and demotivating the morale of the exiting employees Shortlisting when company invite applications for any job there are a lot application and the CV send by candidates . the first procedure is shortlisting according to the requirements of the job, education and skills of a candidate . Forms of assessments for some jobs candidates may ask for a written test or making a presentation .its depend on the job profile .for example- for a engineer post a technical exam should be take to know about the candidates knowledge . Interview the purpose of conducting the interview is to know more about the candidate ,to know about the ability to do the job and to get some personal information. Reference checks this is the most important part of the selection process .which information you gathered from interview beside from this you can get information form reference check to insure the suitable candidate is hired .you can also verify the information which you got from interview Basicly effective employment depend on the recruitment and selection process. If you follow the appropriate process and you find a suitable candidate to perform the job according to the needs of the job . it will be a good sign for organisation and for candidate as well because person will be motivated and he will do the job in appropriate way .but if you choose a wrong candidate it be a loss for company that investing money for his training , high staff turnover ,and low staff morale for working employees and for candidate that he will be demotivate to got a another job . Your selection process should be fair enough because when you select candidates there should not be discrimination in the ground of sex, age ,religion or belief .it means you should provide a equal opportunity to all .because if discriminate people your existing may be demotivate. And in another side if you continuously choosing the wrong candidates for the wrong job ,so they are leaving the organisation time to time it can be bad impression of company in your employees or may be outside as well same like Ryanair they choose the simple way of selection,because of this they couldnt find the good candidates to perform the duties and then staff was demotivated and staff turnover was very high. For example:- A five stat hotel choose a candidate who dont have any experience in hotel industry for a front office assistant job and the hotel gave him training and develop his personality in one year, now when the time came to take back the investment which hotel invest to give training and development ,the candidate left the organisation because he think that there is no future for him in this organisation. It was just because of lack of motivation . it cost a lot for organisation in economically and its demotivate the existing staff members Second example:- A airline appoint a fresh candidate as a cabin crew member and provide him a training by investing a lot of money but after sometime because of some reason airline transfer him in ground staff in a good position but because he was trained for cabin crew ,he dont know anything about the ground staff jobs.so his morale become low and he left the job and because of this airline lost a lot of money .and the other staff members demotivate. By these two example we can understand that by using a right method of selection ,we can minimise the cost of organisation to selecting people . And we can offer a right job for right candidate according to his skills ,interest, and ability . Conclusion From the above assignment i have concluded that if any company is following the appropriate way of recruitment and selection as I wrote before ,there will be no motivation problem will be happen in the organisation and the managers can implement any motivation theory to motivate his staff. And to reduce the staff turnover, organisation must be fulfil the employees needs and give them right job for right person according to their ability and the performance level .Managers also must make sure that they provide appraisal to all employees time to time so they can check themselves as their performance basis .

Vision Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Vision - A Learned Process Or Are We Born With It? Depth perception is made possible by having two components, binocular vision and stereopsis. Binocular vision is defined as vision where both eyes are aimed simultaneously at the same visual target and where both eyes work together a coordinated team (1). Stereopsis is defined as vision where two separate images from two eyes are successfully combined into one image in the brain (1). In class it was learned that through the process of depth perception, one can have 3-D vision even though our retina receives visual information as 2 dimensional. This is made possible by the fact that the brain has learned to process visual images by comparing the relative sizes, horizontal and vertical orientations, object overlaps and shadows projected within the field to define our perceptions of the world around us (4). Is this really true? Does the brain learn how to perceive its world as three dimensional or is it something that we always did from birth? The most obvious time to see if this visual process is learned is through the observation of the visual processes of infants. The earliest studies of depth perception and babies used an apparatus called the visual cliff (Berk 151). This device consists of a glass covered table and a central platform, from which babies are encouraged to crawl. Patterns are placed beneath the glass to create the appearance of a shallow side and a deep side. When trying to get the babies to crawl across the glass, the babies readily crossed the shallow side and all but a few reacted with fear to the deep side. The researchers concluded that about the time infants crawl, most of them have an understanding of depth perception. Another study carried out ... ... crucial first weeks of life. The efficacy of vision therapy is something that should also be studied. Not much has been heard about this therapy and if it is effective as it says to be, then the visual system can be better understood. It would also be interesting to note if any changes in brain structure take place as a result of vision therapy. Further investigations (like those mentioned above) can help us better understand whether vision is learned or not. At the beginning of researching this paper, I was ready to say that we were born with our visual abilities and were stuck with them due to genetics, however I am now willing to support a theory that vision is learned and can be re-learned, due to the findings of vision therapy. Internet Sources: http://www.autism.org/visual.html Berk, Laura E. Child Development 4th Ed. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 1997. Vision Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers Vision - A Learned Process Or Are We Born With It? Depth perception is made possible by having two components, binocular vision and stereopsis. Binocular vision is defined as vision where both eyes are aimed simultaneously at the same visual target and where both eyes work together a coordinated team (1). Stereopsis is defined as vision where two separate images from two eyes are successfully combined into one image in the brain (1). In class it was learned that through the process of depth perception, one can have 3-D vision even though our retina receives visual information as 2 dimensional. This is made possible by the fact that the brain has learned to process visual images by comparing the relative sizes, horizontal and vertical orientations, object overlaps and shadows projected within the field to define our perceptions of the world around us (4). Is this really true? Does the brain learn how to perceive its world as three dimensional or is it something that we always did from birth? The most obvious time to see if this visual process is learned is through the observation of the visual processes of infants. The earliest studies of depth perception and babies used an apparatus called the visual cliff (Berk 151). This device consists of a glass covered table and a central platform, from which babies are encouraged to crawl. Patterns are placed beneath the glass to create the appearance of a shallow side and a deep side. When trying to get the babies to crawl across the glass, the babies readily crossed the shallow side and all but a few reacted with fear to the deep side. The researchers concluded that about the time infants crawl, most of them have an understanding of depth perception. Another study carried out ... ... crucial first weeks of life. The efficacy of vision therapy is something that should also be studied. Not much has been heard about this therapy and if it is effective as it says to be, then the visual system can be better understood. It would also be interesting to note if any changes in brain structure take place as a result of vision therapy. Further investigations (like those mentioned above) can help us better understand whether vision is learned or not. At the beginning of researching this paper, I was ready to say that we were born with our visual abilities and were stuck with them due to genetics, however I am now willing to support a theory that vision is learned and can be re-learned, due to the findings of vision therapy. Internet Sources: http://www.autism.org/visual.html Berk, Laura E. Child Development 4th Ed. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 1997.

Problems Combining Work And School Essay

Combining work and school is not easy task. Now days it is very difficult for the college students to manage college tuition and their expenses. It becomes very difficult for the students to make a balance between the two. So to handle the increasing expenses and high tuition fees it becomes necessary to work and make some extra money. Combining work and school leads to several problems such as it affects studies, too little time for self and too little time to socialize. It also affects the health like due to excessive working hours the person becomes so tired that he doesn’t want to cook and eats more of fast food which affects the health College students who try to juggle job and school together find trouble at school. Early morning classes, for example, are particularly very difficult. Because they work every week night from noon to midnight, and reach home late in the night fully tired and exhausted, due to working late till midnight and have little time to do all the ass igned reading and homework due to this they get behind in the assignments, and never seem to have enough time to catch up which leads to poor grades and affects the GPA. Sometimes student’s work hours create other conflicts like due to extra workload from the employer they have to skip the classes. Working part time and study gives too little time to spend with family and to socialize. By the time I reach home in midnight everybody in the family is sleeping and after the tiring day at work and school I do not even get few minutes to spend with family and kids. By the time they wake up I have to leave for my school to attend the morning classes. I am not able to attend family functions such as birthdays, marriages etc due to my work. On the other hand when it comes to socializing with friends like going together on trips and having fun I cannot go with them because of my work and the classes. Even on the weekends when everybody is enjoying except me because I work on the weekends to make money. Even though I am missing a lot in my life but I have no other choice. I have to work to support my family and continue education. To avoid these kind of experience’s students try to be organized, and have time management  but most of the time they are unsuccessful because of the work the working hours are too much that they are not able to give time to other activiti es. A person cannot focus on too many things like family, health, friends etc during working and studying. Ultimately one of them has to suffer. To avoid these kind of experience’s students have to be organized, and have time management or they may get overwhelm in their daily schedule. In conclusion I can say that combining work and school is not easy and requires a lot of hard work.

Reflection On Critical Thinking - 744 Words

Since the first day of the course, I have learned a lot about creativity and critical thinking. It has opened my eyes to brand new ways of how to express my creativity more efficiently; By thinking through problems and coming up with the best solutions possible; About different methods of critical thinking and how to be as successful as a student. In this reflection, I am going to express what I have learned in more detail. Starting with how I learned how to solve problems, the strategy I used successfully completed this course with what I learned, how this Course helped make connections to ‘real world’ and other courses in CWI, and lastly, how I put all that I learned into the ‘Final In-Class Project-The Wallet Project.’ First, how I†¦show more content†¦So, I do not miss any assignments or quizzes in future courses Next, how this Course helped make connections to the real world and other courses in CWI . Is that when I learned about Good Stealing and Bad Stealing. I used it when I did my final art project for ARTS-109 in deciding how to design my collage that I put together. I also used what I learned about Creative Thinking, in helping me to make origami eight-sided stars and other origami. I plan to continue to use what I learned in my course and life. Lastly, how I will put all I learned into in the â€Å"Final In-Class Project – The Wallet Project†. When it came to finding the problem . I asked my partner, Marco about what he would want to change his wallet. He said that he would like more pockets to put all the cards he has, a clear pocket to put his licenses and something to help him not lose his wallet. To solve this problem, I drew down some examples of wallet designs with what he told me he wanted. After the next class, I will show him the designs, he may choose one desig n that he likes or maybe multiple aspects of two or more designs. I will use a design he chooses or draw a design that he like about different designs and make a final prototype. I then will hand it to my partner to test out and get feedback about the design. I will and have used what I learned about critical and creative thinking from the project, by using a step by stepShow MoreRelatedCritical Thinking Reflection686 Words   |  3 PagesReflection Upon Critical Thinking Critical thinking has several formal definitions, yet it is a skill that must be practiced and should function on the practical, everyday level. Critical thinking is a skill set that involves approaching a subject or a question with vigor, curiosity, awareness, and an open mind. Critical thinking in a way, is a kind of thinking that demands that we think about thinking. That is to say, critical thinking includes that the thinker generates and sustains awarenessRead MoreCritical Thinking Reflection1121 Words   |  5 PagesW233 helped shape my writing and critical thinking by reframing my concept of what constitutes a good piece of writing. Prior to this course, I thought that a good paper consisted of an argument supported with solid word choice and consistent organization throughout to guide the reader through each paragraph. My thoughts at this time were more focused the â€Å"what† of an argument, but I learned that in order to write a great paper—especially one tha t involves mediating an argument—it is equally importantRead MoreEssay on Critical Thinking/Reflection1393 Words   |  6 PagesAssessing both critical thinking and the reflection process in learning, these aspects are both intertwined. Without one, you cannot have the other. With the use of critical thinking and reflection this thought process allows us to analyse, assess, evaluate, learn and develop arguments. However this can have a twofold affect in the learning process. The learning process means taking many aspects and perspectives into account to establish an argument. Critical thinking draws on questions such as:Read MoreReflection Of A Critical Thinking Portfolio1329 Words   |  6 PagesReflection Critical Thinking Portfolio Introduction This reflection will be an attempt to describe and consider more consciously the topic that I chose to investigate. I will explain in details the information that I have gathered in the portfolio. I chose to look at gender and why women are still held back in society. Gender inequality is defined as unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender. I will briefly discuss issues of unequal pay and sexual violence against women in the UK.Read MoreCritical Thinking Reflection Essay579 Words   |  3 PagesCritical thinking is a significant and essential topic in recent education. The strategy of critical thinking skills helps identify areas in ones courses as the suitable place to highlight, expand and use some problems in exams that test students critical thinking skills. Critical thinking means accurate thinking in the search of appropriate and dependable knowledge about the world. Another way to describe it is sensible, insightful, responsible, and skillful thinking that is focusedRead MoreReflection Paper On Critical Thinking1104 Words   |  5 Pagesthis. I tend to write just from my perspective and if I don’t know a topic or understand an audience very well then, I just write surface type things and can’t really empathize with whatever I am writing. critical thinking, reading, and writing In a different class, I learned about critical thinking in a different way and how to improve it. It’s all about questioning things. There are three strategies: First, ask how a person knows what they claim to know. Think about the process on uses and not theRead MoreCritical Thinking Reflection Paper1895 Words   |  8 Pagesphrase ‘critical thinking’ very loosely. Textbooks typically use this term to label discussion questions, but, in my experience, teachers have never used this as an opportunity to encourage real critical thinking. In fact, before I joined this class, I had gone through eleven years of schooling without ever being told what those two little words mean. I always assumed that I had good critical thinking skills, just because I’m smart. After less than a month in this class, I realize that critical thinkingRead MoreWeek5 Critical Thinking Reflection Essay677 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Select one of the following questions and answer it in 200 to 300 words using the principles of critical thinking you learned in this course. How can we reduce poverty in the United States? Will receiving a college degree improve your career opportunities? Has the United States peaked as a world power?   Will receiving a college degree improve your career opportunities? Once I choice this question immediately my enculturation barrier surfaced, because as soon as I read the question I said to myselfRead MoreCritical Thinking Reflection Paper1792 Words   |  8 Pagesbeneficial to engage in professional development that analyzes my ability to interact with my students and my strategies to create lessons that promote critical thinking, engagement and motivation. All of these are crucial points of an effective lesson. My teaching behaviors, both verbal and nonverbal, are important to analyze since they play a critical role in my lessons. Although using the SATIC sheet to evaluate my teaching behaviors is tedious and difficult, it opens a brand new lens to my teaching